Textual Notes
These notes specify features of the text which are treated generally in the textual introduction, and discuss adopted readings and aspects of authorial revision which require fuller explanation. Mark Twain’s marginalia in the manuscript are included here in full; usually they are self—explanatory or explained by their context, and are therefore merely quoted and described without comment. Other features of the manuscript included here are drafts of letters, notes or fragments from other literary works, and notations in handwriting other than Mark Twain’s.
The terms ink 1, ink 2, and ink 3 designate Mark Twain’s writing materials (see the list of alterations in the manuscript for a full discussion of the ink colors). Cancellations are enclosed by angle brackets: del: they . A vertical rule indicates the end of a line in the manuscript.
Although a note may cite the first American edition as the source for an emendation, the emendation may be listed in the emendations list with the symbol Pr if it first occurred in the prospectus.
See the historical sources section of the introduction (pp. 19–25) for complete information on the works cited below only by author and short title.
la0001 Ryght . . . Lorde.] This edition follows Mark Twain’s source for both the facsimile and the transcription of the Latimer letter, the second part of James’s Facsimiles of National Manuscripts (p. 60). Although the printer’s copy for the first American edition is not extant, it seems probable that the transcription was typeset directly from the printed source along with the letter itself. The author wrote to A. V. S. Anthony on 28 April 1881 that he would “hand that book to Osgood” to take to Boston, and added, “If it is too bulky, I guess we’ll tear out that particular fac—simile & let him take that.” If he did tear out the facsimile, he probably tore out and sent the printed transcription along with it.
In 1900 an editor examined the American Publishing Company’s 1899 “Royal Edition” of The Prince and the Pauper to determine which plates could be reused without alteration and which would need correction and repair. He must have compared the transcription in that edition with the facsimile, for he marked his corrections on the page and wrote, “I don’t know whose deciphering this is, but it is wrong in many places. FM.” Frank Bliss, president of the American Publishing Company, replied, “Clemens wrote Dec 31, 1900 to let it stand & not make corrections. ‘They are not important’ ” (Yale).
This edition ignores Mark Twain’s instruction of 1900, since it arose from a different set of circumstances. The author apparently neither made nor even copied out the transcription, and so he had no hand in introducing the errors that appeared in the first American edition and derivative versions such as the “Royal Edition.” Furthermore, it is unlikely that he introduced any changes for literary purposes. He must originally have intended to print the transcription exactly as given in Facsimiles (which modernized some spellings, for instance turning “yt” into “that” at 29.14), and therefore that source has been made the authority here.
A list of rejected prospectus and first American edition (A) readings follows. A wavy dash (˜) on the right of the dot stands for the word on the left and signals that only a punctuation mark is changed. A caret (add: ʌ ) indicates the absence of a punctuation mark. table: colgroup: col: col: tbody: tr: td: 29.6 td: honorable. (Facs) • ˜, (A) tr: td: 29.6 td: Jesu. And (Facs) •˜, and (A) tr: td: 29.8 td: was, (Facs) •˜ʌ (A) tr: td: 29.8 td: trow) (Facs) •˜), (A) tr: td: 29.9 td: berer (Facs) •˜, (A) tr: td: 29.9 td: Evance (Facs) •Erance, (A) tr: td: 29.21 td: depravetur. Butt (Facs) •˜. corr: ¶ Butt (A) tr: td: 29.26 td: youres (Facs) •Youres, (A) tr: td: 29.26 td: Wurcestere (Facs) •˜, (A)
la0002 The Prince and the Pauper . . . AGES] Mark Twain took pains with the title and subtitle of his book. The manuscript includes a title page (written in ink 3 on white wove paper) which originally read “The Little Prince lb: and the lb: Little Pauper. lb: A Tale of the Sixteenth Century. lb: By Mark Twain. lb: (Samuel L. Clemens.) lb: kqkp008 All rights reserved. lb: 1880.” He revised the title, canceling both instances of “Little,” changed the subtitle to read “A Tale for Young Folks of all ages,” and changed the date from “1880” to “1881.” Later, on a sheet of Osgood company stationery, he wrote another title page (Yale) which reads “The Prince & the Pauper. lb: A Tale for Young People of all Ages. lb: Scene laid in the Sixteenth Century. lb: By Mark Twain. lb: Boston: lb: J.R. Osgood & Co. lb: London: lb: Chatto & Windus. lb: 1881.” He evidently revised again, for in the first American edition “Scene laid in the Sixteenth Century” does not appear, although the title page there does show the change from “Folks” to “People” in the subtitle and drops “(Samuel L. Clemens.)” Except for differences of typographic style, this edition adopts the title and subtitle of the first American edition.
Mark Twain’s manuscript also includes a copyright page (written in ink 3 on white wove paper) on which he wrote “Copyright by S. L. Clemens, 1880.” His publisher, Osgood, made changes on both the original title page and the copyright page. On the title page, he canceled “ kqkp011 All rights reserved ” wrote “Boston lb: James R. Osgood & Company” above the cancellation; on the copyright page, he altered Mark Twain’s date from “1880” to “1881” and added “All rights reserved.”
la0003 I will set] In the top left margin of the manuscript page beginning here, Mark Twain wrote and canceled in ink 3 the incomplete instruction “Put this paragra.” Next to that in pencil in an unidentified hand, evidently that of an editor at the Osgood company, is the canceled inscription “10 to 14 to RA &Co”—noting that pages 10 through 14 of the manuscript had been sent to Rand, Avery, and Company, the printers of the first American edition, for word count and assessment. Following the canceled inscription is the penciled abbreviation “ntd,” perhaps indicating that information concerning the five pages was noted elsewhere or that the pages had been returned. Some specifications for the book were written on the verso of manuscript page 10 (see the textual note at ref: 49.5 ).
la0004 Let us skip] At the top of the manuscript page on which chapter 2 begins, Mark Twain wrote in pencil “View of London?”—possibly a suggestion to the illustrators.
la0005 Canty lived] At the top of the manuscript page beginning here, Mark Twain wrote in pencil the cue words “Tom Canty.” Apparently an editor at the Osgood company (or the printer, when five pages of the manuscript were submitted to him) later wrote in pencil on the verso “4½ × 6½ lb: S. p. modern lb: 1700–1800 letters.” The specifications refer to the size of the block of type on each page, the type size and face (small pica modern), and the approximate number of letters per page in the first American edition.
la0006 time of] Preceding “of” near the bottom of manuscript page 14 is a bracket, first written in pencil and then redrawn in green crayon—evidently a printer’s mark made when pages 10–14 were submitted to the printer for evaluation.
la0007 Offal Court] As in the first American edition here and at 60.37, 60.38, 63.2, 70.1, and 75.18. The manuscript reads “Offal court” in these six instances. (In eleven other instances the manuscript and first American edition both read “Offal Court.”) Though Mark Twain may not have been responsible for the change, the reading of the first American edition has been adopted as a necessary correction.
la0008 furthest] As in the manuscript. The reading of the first American edition, “farthest” (and the subsequent change from “further” to “farther” at 223.19), is almost certainly a sophistication.
la0009 other the] Although Mark Twain could have inadvertently dropped “of” from “other of the” or transposed “the” and “other,” it appears that he intended this rather archaic locution. He revised this sentence in the manuscript (see the alterations list, ref: 58.10 , ref: 58.11 , and ref: 58.12–13 ) and later made or approved another change in it, probably at the suggestion of Howells (see the emendations list, ref: 58.11–12 ). In neither instance did he change this reading, nor, apparently, did the locution bother the editors of the first editions, all of whom set “other the.”
la0010 use . . . use] The two alterations in the manuscript here from “treat” to “use” were apparently suggested by Edward House during his first reading of The Prince and the Pauper in 1881. Later neither he nor Mark Twain seemed to remember the change very clearly. In 1890, at the time of the lawsuit over rights to the Prince and the Pauper play, Mark Twain wrote his final words on the subject: quote:
The truth is that he suggested only one correction—a verbal one. He thought—but did not claim to be certain—that the word “entreated,” to signify “used,” (kindly treated, badly treated, etc.,) had disappeared from speech before the time of Edward VI. But . . . it was an error. The expression was still in use in Elizabeth’s time, as Shakspeare will testify. (DV 305, MTP)
Since there is no alteration of “entreated” in the manuscript, Mark Twain was probably remembering this change from “treat” to “use.” At the time, he apparently considered the change to be of some importance, since collation indicates that he made the same correction at 201.10 on the proofs for the first American edition. Thus in spite of his inaccurate memory of the incident, his repudiation of the change seems to have come more from his anger at House in 1890 than from any wish to go back and change the reading.
la0011 Prince of Limitless Plenty] As in the first American edition. The manuscript reads “Prince of limitless Plenty.” Mark Twain may well have capitalized the 1 on the proof sheets, and the capital has been adopted here as a likely authorial correction.
la0012 Pudding Lane] In the manuscript Mark Twain originally wrote “Mincing lane” in ink 2. Later he interlined above it in pencil “or Pudding?—see Ch 1.” Still later in ink 3 he canceled “or” and “see Ch 1.” and retraced the word “Pudding” in his interlineation. The name “Pudding Lane” appears only one other time, in chapter 2 at 49.16. The 1 of “lane” in the manuscript has been emended here to accord with the earlier reading at 49.16 and the reading of the first American edition.
la0013 Know’st] As in the first American edition. The manuscript reads “Knowst.” Although it is possible that the amanuensis misread the manuscript or that the compositor was trying to correct Mark Twain’s dialect, the change is accepted here as consistent with the way that Mark Twain sometimes revised his dialect in the manuscript or on proof. The same reasoning applies to two other emendations, “knowest” at 79.17 (“knowst” in the manuscript) and “fearest” at 83.10 (“fear’st” in the manuscript). In both cases the first American edition reading is adopted.
la0014 spatter] As in the first American edition. The manuscript and the first English edition read “splatter.” Since the first English edition was set from early proofs of the first American, the change must have been made deliberately on a later set of American proofs, almost certainly by Mark Twain. The first American edition seems to bear out that theory since there is an extra space in front of “spatter” as if the change were introduced into an already set page by a typesetter who did not then evenly space out the line.
la0015 when the brute] At the top of the manuscript page beginning here, on which Tom’s bruised hand is revealed, Mark Twain wrote in pencil and canceled in ink 3 “This bruise spoils his handwriting.” He never made use of the plot device suggested here, although he had Tom allude to his bruised hand again at 320.10–11.
la0016 foul] As in the manuscript. Mark Twain’s handwriting here is easily misread as “front,” the reading of the first American edition.
la0017 confirm it.] The manuscript reads “confirm it.!” Mark Twain apparently squeezed in the period to replace his original exclamation point, which he then neglected to cancel. The period is adopted here as the later reading.
la0018 Hertford.”] Followed by Mark Twain’s uncanceled “(?)” in ink 3 in the right margin of the manuscript page. He had originally written “Herbert” in ink 2 (here and at 83.7, 84.8–9, 87.5, 87.15, and 96.4). When he substituted “Hertford” in ink 3, he apparently was still unsure of which name it was to be and followed with another ink 3 “(?),” which he later canceled. Even after making his final decision he neglected to cancel the original “(?)” left standing in the margin.
la0019 of volume] As in the manuscript; the first American edition reads “of the volume,” probably a sophistication. A similar sophistication occurred at 180 note, where the manuscript reads “at end” and the first American edition reads “at the end”; again, the manuscript reading is preserved.
la0020 wallow in the styes] As in the first American edition. The evolution of this phrase is as follows:
-
kennel in the slums (MS)
-
kqkp012 not in in the slums (Pr)
-
kennel in the slums (Ea)
-
wallow in the slums (C)
-
wallow in the styes (A)
-
kennel in the styes (Eb)
The first state of the English edition (Ea) and the Canadian edition (C) were set from early stages of proof for the first American edition (A). Apparently Mark Twain made the first change (from “kennel” to “wallow”) after the early proofs had been sent to England but before the Canadian edition was set. At some time after the prospectus (Pr) was printed, he then further revised the reading (from “slums” to “styes”) for the first American edition. That reading is adopted here. The reading of the second state of the first English edition (Eb), which was corrected against the American edition to incorporate late changes, does not represent another Mark Twain revision, but rather an incomplete correction.
la0021 that] The reading of the first American edition, “their,” is rejected as a memorial error or unconscious repetition from the two previous instances of “their” in the sentence, although it is conceivable that Mark Twain made the change when he changed “albeit” to “although” in the line below.
la0022 down upon his knees] At the top of the manuscript page beginning here, Mark Twain wrote and canceled in pencil “(Mustn’t take off his buskins).”
la0023 and theirs.] Originally followed in the manuscript by a centered line, which Mark Twain wrote in ink 2 and later canceled in ink 3 when he substituted the instruction “(Double space).”
la0024 against] As in the first American edition. In the manuscript Mark Twain originally wrote “against,” then canceled the “a” and substituted an apostrophe. Possibly the copyist read through his alteration, but it is more likely that he reversed himself again, as he frequently did (see, for instance, the alterations list, ref: 205.15 ).
la0025 appealingly, first at one] The manuscript reads “appealingly at first to one.” The reading of the first American edition has been adopted here as Mark Twain’s alteration on proof. Even though this alteration occurs in one of the nine chapters of the first American edition with consistent nonauthorial changes in punctuation, the comma after “appealingly” has also been adopted here as part of Mark Twain’s alteration.
la0026 nature] The manuscript reads “Nature.” Originally the word began the sentence, and when Mark Twain interlined “At last” he left the capital standing. Perhaps he wanted the word to remain a proper noun, but it is more likely that he simply overlooked the correction, as he did for instance at ref: 96.13 (see the alterations list).
la0027 naturally] The first American edition reading is adopted here as Mark Twain’s change from the manuscript reading, “actually,” although it is tempting to reject it as a memorial error.
la0028 present.] Mark Twain’s note written in pencil and canceled in ink 3 follows in the manuscript: “Let him hide the Seal.”
la0029 Commission] At the top of the manuscript page beginning here, Mark Twain wrote in ink 2 and canceled in ink 3 “Both tanned & brown with out—door sports.”
la0030 We left] At the top of the manuscript page on which chapter 10 begins, Mark Twain wrote in pencil and canceled in ink 3 “Offal Court in Cole Harbor.”
la0031 ground among the] At the bottom of the manuscript page ending here, Mark Twain wrote and canceled in pencil “Let this be father Andrew—.”
la0032 I tell thee!”] On the manuscript page ending here, Mark Twain wrote in pencil and canceled in ink 3 “Insert here the route del: they prince took, & sort of buildings.”
la0033 canopy of state] The manuscript, the first state of the first American edition, and the first English and first Canadian editions all read “canopy of estate.” The reading of the second state of the first American edition, a late correction, is adopted here. It is one of three substantive changes in the second state of the first American edition (see the textual notes at ref: 237.9 and ref: 307.9 for the other two). The change was probably made to correct the discrepancy between the uncorrected text reading and the caption of the illustration on the same page.
la0034 Return we] Preceding these words on the manuscript page, Mark Twain wrote and canceled in pencil “Return to Tom.”
la0035 Hertford.] Followed in the manuscript by Mark Twain’s “(?),” which he wrote and later canceled in ink 3.
la0036 Hertford] Followed in the margin of the manuscript page by Mark Twain’s “(?),” which he wrote and later canceled in ink 3.
la0037 king of England!”] At the bottom of the manuscript page ending here, Mark Twain wrote and canceled in ink 3 “(Barge it home in solemn state & slow oars, with the tide—deep tolling bells.)”
la0038 When . . . London Bridge.] Mark Twain wrote in pencil and later canceled in ink 3 the words “cut here” in the margin of the manuscript page alongside this sentence. Though he may have been referring to an intended illustration, it is more likely that he wrote it as a direction to himself when he was integrating these pages into his narrative (see the alterations list, ref: 132.4–134.6 ). He did not cut until near the end of the next paragraph (“gateways.”)
la0039 boy’s form . . . the prince] On the verso of this manuscript page are some miscellaneous notes by Mark Twain in black ink and pencil, mainly a list of characters’ names for Ah Sin.
la0040 “Good sir . . . stepped briskly] On the verso of this manuscript page are four words in Bret Harte’s hand, “last. I have corr: reasoned ,” presumably a discarded page from Ah Sin.
la0041 a grateful . . . him;] As in the manuscript and prospectus. This passage was apparently deleted from the first American edition at the behest of Mark Twain to accommodate the introduction of eight new words of text at 139.24 and the footnote at the bottom of the same page (139 note). Since the deletion occurred only because of the exigencies of the moment and not out of any aesthetic consideration, the passage is here restored (see the ref: textual introduction , p. 399).
la0042 “I would] As in the manuscript and prospectus. These words originally began a new paragraph and were printed run—on in the first American edition presumably only to create more space for the additions at 139.24 and 139 note.
la0043 truth] As in the manuscript. The first American edition reading, “troth,” seems to have resulted from the copyist’s misreading of the manuscript, in which the u is written over the original o.
la0044 a homeless . . . duty and] On the verso of this manuscript page is a draft of a letter dated 22 November corr: 1875 , from Mark Twain to Mr. corr: C. E. Flower, about the plan to build by subscription a Shakespeare memorial theater in Stratford on Avon.
la0045 last.] The manuscript reads “last.!” Mark Twain originally followed “last” with an exclamation point in ink 2. He later squeezed in a period in ink 3 without canceling the exclamation point, perhaps undecided about which of the two marks of punctuation to adopt. The first American edition prints the exclamation point, perhaps because the copyist overlooked the period. The period, however, is adopted here as the later reading.
la0046 Third Groom] In the manuscript Mark Twain wrote in pencil and canceled in ink 3 two question marks above the word “Third.”
la0047 shall] The manuscript reads “shalt.” Though Mark Twain’s manuscript t could easily have been misread as an 1 here, the first American edition reading is adopted as a necessary correction.
la0048 even made him] As in the manuscript. The reading of the first American edition, “made him even,” is rejected as a mechanical or memorial transcription error.
la0049 meekly] As in the manuscript. The reading of the first American edition, “quickly,” is rejected as a memorial error or an eye skip to the phrase that follows immediately (“and quickly dropped his face again”).
la0050 picture . . . said—] A receipt in an unknown hand is written on the verso of this manuscript page, probably by one of Clemens’ employees. It notes a transaction with Clemens’ neighbor, Marshall Jewell—“For Exchange Cows 45 dollers.” It is headed “Hartford” and dated 8 July 1878.
la0051 poison.”] Mark Twain interlined the word “Remark” in pencil as a reminder to interrupt his dialogue here. He later crossed it out when he added “Weighty . . . said—” (175.8–9) in ink 3 on the verso of the manuscript page.
la0052 is serious matter] As in the manuscript. The reading of the first American edition, “is a serious matter,” is rejected as a sophistication.
la0053 woman doth desire] As in the manuscript. The omission of “doth” in the first American edition is rejected as a sophistication or eye skip.
la0054 mistake—a flawless] As in the manuscript. The first American edition omits the word “a,” probably a transcription error.
la0055 Miles Hendon] At the top of the manuscript page on which chapter 17 begins, Mark Twain wrote in ink 2 and canceled in ink 3 “he has the k’s clothes.”
la0056 wood] As in the first American edition. The manuscript reads “road.” Though it is possible that Mark Twain’s handwriting was misread, it is more likely that the change was made intentionally. Either “road” or “wood” makes sense, as Miles does search for the king in both places, but the later reading is adopted here as authoritative.
la0057 sank] As in the manuscript. The first American edition reads “sunk,” possibly a misreading of Mark Twain’s manuscript a for u, or a sophistication.
la0058 imitations left,] Although Mark Twain may have intended a kind of rhetorical pause when he punctuated his manuscript “imitations, left,” it is just as likely that he changed the direction of his sentence after writing “imitations,” but neglected to cancel his comma. In either case, the comma seems so obtrusive that the first American edition reading is adopted here as a correction.
la0059 uttered,—] Mark Twain originally followed “uttered” with a semicolon. He canceled the top portion of the semicolon with a dash and he may have tried to wipe out the remaining comma, as it is somewhat smeared. However, since the comma appears to be uncanceled and Mark Twain commonly used the comma—dash construction, it has been retained here.
la0060 village] Presumably as a note of his intention to expand the king’s adventures with Hugo, Mark Twain wrote and later canceled the words “as usual” in ink 3 at the top of the manuscript page which originally followed at this point (see the alterations list, ref: 205.4 and ref: 243.36 ). When he added the new pages, he wrote that the king was sent out in Hugo’s charge, “as usual,” but later apparently dropped the words from his text (see the emendations list, ref: 241.7 ).
la0061 illustration] Howells’ daughter, Winifred, wrote to Mark Twain on 18 January 1882, after receiving her copy of The Prince and the Pauper: “I think the loveliest place I have read is where the Prince finds the calf in the barn and is so glad to cuddle up to something warm and alive. After his horror at first feeling something beside him it was such a relief to find what it really was that I was almost angry with the picture for letting me know a little too soon” (ref: MTHL , p. 383). The picture has been moved to follow the text in this edition.
la0062 be shame] Although the first American edition reading, “be a shame,” may be due to Mark Twain’s revision to less archaic diction, the manuscript reading is retained here because of the number of similar variants apparently caused by compositorial sophistication or transcription error.
la0063 illustration] When John J. Harley designed this illustration for the first American edition, he gave it an irregular shape, apparently intending that the printer fill the notch with type. The printer, however, simply centered the illustration, making a strangely unbalanced page. The shape of the picture has been altered to accommodate it to the specifications of this edition. figure: graphic: figText: First American edition
la0064 due to his] As in the manuscript. The first American edition reads “due his,” probably a sophistication.
la0065 been] As in the first American edition. The manuscript reads “lain.” Although the first American edition reading is quite possibly a memorial error, the large number of revisions by Mark Twain in these pages makes it more likely that he made the change.
la0066 “then . . . plungings.”] The first American edition caption reads “god made every creature but you!” The caption was drawn from a passage in the manuscript where Miles Hendon curses the mule, which was omitted from the first American edition, possibly at the suggestion of Howells (see the emendations list, ref: 237.22–23 ). The editors of the first English edition noticed the discrepancy and recaptioned the illustration; that reading is adopted here.
la0067 do think there’s not] The corrupted reading “do not think there’s not” appeared in the first state of the first American edition, possibly introduced by the compositor when the line was reset to drop “in all hell’s dominions.” The corruption was carried over into the first English edition, one of the two editions set from the American proofs. The reading was corrected in the first Canadian edition and the second state of the first American edition. See the ref: textual introduction , page 407.
la0068 myself?— . . . work.] As in the first American edition. The manuscript reads “myself— . . . work?” The first American edition reading may well have been Mark Twain’s change and appears to be a necessary correction.
la0069 strugglings] As in the manuscript. The first American edition reading, “struggling,” is probably due to a misreading of Mark Twain’s badly formed final s in his manuscript.
la0070 alley,— . . . results.] In the manuscript Mark Twain originally ended his sentence with “alley.” He later revised the manuscript to expand the sentence, adding “—and . . . results.” on the verso of the page with instructions to turn it over, but neglected to alter his old terminal punctuation. The reading was corrected in the first American edition by substituting a comma for the period after “alley,” and that reading is adopted here.
la0071 king’s wrist] In the top left corner of the manuscript page beginning here, Mark Twain wrote and canceled “release” in ink 3, presumably a note to himself about his intentions for the king as the episode continued.
la0072 nor the left] As in the manuscript. The first American edition reading, “nor to the left,” is rejected as a probable sophistication.
la0073 tongues] As in the manuscript. The first American edition reading, “tongue,” is probably a misreading or a sophistication.
la0074 The king] At the top of the manuscript page on which chapter 26 begins, Mark Twain wrote and canceled in ink 3 “Make H very strong.”
la0075 I have a plan] In the margin of the manuscript page near these words, Mark Twain wrote and canceled in ink 3 “(or a paper).”
la0076 goodman] The first American edition reads “good man,” very likely a misreading of Mark Twain’s manuscript, in which the word is hyphenated at the end of a line. The manuscript reading is preferred.
la0077 If he . . . unscathed.] Apparently Mark Twain considered having the king demand the woman’s release after all. In the margin of the manuscript page here he wrote and canceled in ink 3 “No.—let him do it.”
la0078 grimly holy] As in the manuscript and first English edition. The first American edition reads “grimly, holy.” Although “grimly” does have an adjectival sense (the 1870 Webster’s dictionary defines it as “having a hideous or stern look”), the comma is rejected here as nonauthorial. It was probably introduced by the compositor, perhaps when he reset to accommodate Mark Twain’s change in the same line from “sick; and once” to “tremble. Once” (see the emendations list, ref: 296.17 ). The first English edition was set from proofs for the first American edition, but in this case agrees with the manuscript—presumably the English compositor decided the comma was in error and dropped it.
la0079 preparations] As in the manuscript. The first American edition reading, “preparation,” is probably a transcription error or a sophistication.
la0080 reined] The manuscript and the first state of the first American edition read “reigned.” The reading was corrected to “reined” in the second state of the first American edition as well as in the first Canadian (see the ref: textual introduction , p. 407). The editors of the first English edition also made the necessary correction, and it is adopted here.
la0081 turned] As in the manuscript. The first American edition reading, “moved,” is probably an unconscious repetition from the line above.
la0082 applause.] At the bottom of the manuscript page ending here, Mark Twain wrote and canceled in ink 3 “Champion.”
la0083 the old lieutenant] In the right margin of the manuscript page on which these words appear, Mark Twain wrote and canceled in ink 3 “head lieutenant of the late kings del: kitchen household don’t know exact title.” In the left margin he wrote and canceled in ink 3 “—no, head ranger of the late kings cabbage orchards.” It is impossible to tell in which order he wrote and canceled the two marginal notes, but in any case he finally decided to let “the old lieutenant” stand as is. He had also been vague about Sir Humphrey’s title and position earlier in the text, at 292.9–11.
la0084 volume.] At the bottom of the manuscript page ending here, Mark Twain wrote and circled his signature in light pencil, then retraced the signature and the circle in heavier pencil.
la0085 Timbs’ . . . London.] As in the first English edition. Mark Twain wrote his notes hastily and out of their final order, leaving his citations in a jumble for his editors to fix. For instance, in the manuscript note 3 cites “Hume,” note 4 “Hume’s History of England,” and note 5 “Hume’s England.” Although the editors of the first American edition made some attempt to standardize the citations, they left many anomalies, and the forms of citations adopted here are from the first English edition.
la0086 own reign] As in the first American edition. The manuscript reads “own reign,” as does the first English edition, set from proofs of the first American edition. Mark Twain, already in some embarrassment at having to explain the king’s pronouncing the end of a law that did not yet exist, must have decided not to emphasize that the “hideous statute” was instituted in Edward’s own reign. He probably dropped the italics from late proofs of the first American edition.
la0087 Ibid.] At the bottom of the manuscript page ending here, Mark Twain wrote in ink 3 “(The ‘General Note’ follows, here, del: either after the dash.)” He followed his note with a curved dash, centered on the next line.
la0088 GENERAL NOTE] In the top left corner of the manuscript page beginning here, Mark Twain wrote in ink 3 “Last.” In the top right portion of the page he wrote and canceled the direction “Put this paragraph in large type, leaded.”
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Description of Texts
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Emendations of the Copy-Text
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